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Riders to the Sea: By - J.M. Synge's
NoteZy (নোট + ইজি) - তে তোমাদের স্বাগত!
নমস্কার বন্ধুরা! NoteZy-তে তোমাদের স্বাগত। আমি জয়ন্ত, আজ আমি J.M. Synge (জে.এম. সিং)-এর লেখা বিখ্যাত নাটক "Riders to the Sea" (রাইডার্স টু দ্য সি) নিয়ে আলোচনা করবো।
এটি একটি অসাধারণ ট্র্যাজেডি যা সমুদ্র উপকূলবর্তী মানুষের জীবন, ভাগ্যের নিষ্ঠুরতা এবং প্রকৃতির সাথে তাদের সংগ্রামকে তুলে ধরে। চলো একসাথে নাটকটির মূল বিষয়বস্তু এবং গভীরতা সহজভাবে বুঝে নিই।
Fact File: Riders to the Sea
Here are some important details about the play:
Type of Play: It is considered a one-act tragedy.
Year Written: The play was written in 1903.
Number of Acts: The play has only one act.
Setting: The play is set on an island off the West coast of Ireland. Specifically, it is set on Inishmaan, one of the Aran Islands.
First Performance: The play was first performed at the Molesworth Hall, Dublin.
Key Natural Element: The sea heavily influences the family's life.
Characters Mentioned But Not Seen: Michael is a character mentioned but does not appear on stage.
Play Summary
English Summary:
J.M. Synge's "Riders to the Sea" is a poignant one-act tragedy set in a cottage on the Aran Islands off the west coast of Ireland. The play centers on Maurya, an elderly woman who has already lost her father-in-law, husband, and four sons to the unforgiving sea. As the play opens, her daughters, Cathleen and Nora, receive news that a body, possibly their brother Michael, has washed ashore in Donegal. They hide this from Maurya, who is distraught with worry about her last surviving son, Bartley, who is determined to sail to Connemara to sell a horse despite the dangerous weather. Maurya pleads with Bartley not to go, haunted by her past losses, but he feels it is his duty and leaves without her blessing. While he is gone, Cathleen and Nora identify the clothes from the body as Michael's, confirming his death. Maurya returns, having seen a vision of Michael riding a grey pony behind Bartley, which she interprets as a death omen. Shortly after, villagers arrive carrying Bartley's body; he was knocked into the sea by his pony and drowned. With all her sons lost to the sea, Maurya reaches a state of resigned acceptance, feeling that the sea can take nothing more from her. The play is a powerful portrayal of the relentless struggle between humanity and the forces of nature, particularly the sea.
Bengali Summary (বাংলায় সারাংশ):
জে.এম. সিঞ্জের "রাইডার্স টু দ্য সি" একটি হৃদয়স্পর্শী একাঙ্ক নাটক যা আয়ারল্যান্ডের পশ্চিম উপকূলের আরান দ্বীপপুঞ্জের একটি কুটিরে স্থাপিত। নাটকটির কেন্দ্রে রয়েছেন মৌরিয়া নামে এক বৃদ্ধা, যিনি ইতিমধ্যেই তাঁর শ্বশুর, স্বামী এবং চার পুত্রকে নির্দয় সমুদ্রের কাছে হারিয়েছেন। নাটক শুরু হওয়ার সময়, তাঁর দুই মেয়ে ক্যাথলিন এবং নোরা খবর পায় যে তাঁদের ভাই মাইকেলের মৃতদেহ সম্ভবত ডনেগালে ভেসে এসেছে। তাঁরা এই খবর মৌরিয়ার কাছ থেকে গোপন রাখে। মৌরিয়া তাঁর শেষ জীবিত পুত্র বার্টলিকে নিয়ে অত্যন্ত চিন্তিত, যে কিনা খারাপ আবহাওয়া সত্ত্বেও ঘোড়া বিক্রি করার জন্য কনেমারা যাওয়ার জন্য দৃঢ়প্রতিজ্ঞ। মৌরিয়া তাঁর অতীতের ক্ষতিগুলোর ভয়ে বার্টলিকে যেতে কাকুতি মিনতি করেন, কিন্তু বার্টলি এটিকে তাঁর কর্তব্য মনে করে এবং মায়ের আশীর্বাদ ছাড়াই চলে যায়। বার্টলি চলে যাওয়ার পর, ক্যাথলিন এবং নোরা মৃতদেহ থেকে পাওয়া জামাকাপড় মাইকেলের বলে শনাক্ত করে, যা তাঁর মৃত্যুকে নিশ্চিত করে। মৌরিয়া ফিরে এসে জানান যে তিনি বার্টলির পিছনে একটি ধূসর টাট্টু ঘোড়ায় মাইকেলের একটি দৃশ্য দেখেছেন, এটিকে তিনি মৃত্যুর অশুভ ইঙ্গিত হিসেবে ব্যাখ্যা করেন। কিছুক্ষণ পরেই গ্রামবাসী বার্টলির মৃতদেহ নিয়ে আসে; সে তার টাট্টু ঘোড়ার দ্বারা সমুদ্রে ছিটকে পড়ে ডুবে গিয়েছিল। সমুদ্রের কাছে তাঁর সমস্ত পুত্রকে হারানোর পর, মৌরিয়া এক ধরণের শান্ত স্বীকারোক্তিতে পৌঁছান, এই ভেবে যে সমুদ্র তাঁর কাছ থেকে আর কিছুই নিতে পারবে না। নাটকটি প্রকৃতি, বিশেষ করে সমুদ্রের শক্তির বিরুদ্ধে মানবজাতির নিরন্তর সংগ্রামের একটি শক্তিশালী চিত্র।
Word Meanings (শব্দের অর্থ)
Here are some key words from the play with their simple Bengali meanings:
Oil-skins (অয়েল-স্কিনস): তেল দিয়ে তৈরি জলরোধী পোশাক (Waterproof clothing made with oil)
Spinning wheel (স্পিনিং হুইল): চরকা (A device for spinning thread)
Middling bad (মিডলিং ব্যাড): মোটামুটি খারাপ, খুব বেশি ভালোও না খারাপও না (Moderately bad, neither too good nor too bad)
Turf-loft (টার্ফ-লফট): ঘুঁটে বা শুকানো গোবর রাখার ঘর (A storage area for turf or dried dung)
Keening (কিনিং): উচ্চস্বরে শোক প্রকাশ করা বা বিলাপ করা (To wail in grief)
Prophesying (প্রফে সাইয়িং): ভবিষ্যদ্বাণী করা (Predicting the future)
Curagh (কুরাখ): চামড়া বা ক্যানভাস দিয়ে তৈরি এক ধরণের ঐতিহ্যবাহী আইরিশ নৌকা (A type of traditional Irish boat made of skin or canvas)
Resignation (রেজিগনেশন): মেনে নেওয়া বা অদৃষ্টবাদ (Acceptance of something undesirable or fate)
Contemplates (কনটেম্প্লেটস): গভীরভাবে চিন্তা করা (To think deeply)
Distraught (ডিসট্রট): অত্যন্ত চিন্তিত বা বিচলিত (Very worried or agitated)
Omen (ওমেন): অশুভ বা শুভ লক্ষণ (A sign of something to come, either good or bad)
One-Liners with Answers :
Here are some questions about the play with one-liner answers. The answer is highlighted.
1. In which year was 'Riders to the Sea' written?
1903
2. How many acts does the play have?
One
3. Synge's 'Riders to the Sea' is considered a one-act _____.
tragedy
4. The play is set on an island off the _____ coast of Ireland.
West coast of Ireland
5. What natural element heavily influences the family's life in the play?
Sea
6. The mention of 'oil-skins' in the opening scene suggests that the characters _____.
ride to the sea frequently
7. The word 'spinning wheel' indicates the _____.
continuity of life
8. The new boards standing by the wall are used for making _____.
coffins
9. What does the phrase 'middling bad' mean?
Neither too bad nor too good
10. When will the big storm be worse?
When the tide faces the wind
11. To whom did the priest entrust the duty of identifying the stocking?
Nora
12. Why would Cathleen and Nora be crying?
They might find out that the stocking belongs to Michael
13. Why did Cathleen hide the bundle in the turf-loft?
She didn't want her mother to find out about Michael's unfortunate death just then
14. Maurya will go down to the sea-shore hoping to get _____.
Michael's dead body
15. Who was baking the cake for Bartley?
Cathleen
16. Why was Bartley in need of a cake?
He was going to sail to Connemara
17. According to Maurya, why can Bartley not go to Connemara?
The wind is rising from the south and west
18. Who does Maurya think will stop Bartley from going to Connemara?
The young priest
19. Who said that Bartley has decided to go to the sea?
All of them (Colum Shawn, Eamon Simon, Stephen Pheety)
20. What is Bartley doing at the beginning of the play?
Has gone down to check if there would be another boat sailing in the week
21. The boat that Bartley went down to check was coming from the _____.
north
22. After entering the house, Bartley was looking for the _____.
new rope
23. Where was the rope hanging?
On a nail by the white boards
24. Which animal was chewing on the rope?
A pig
25. According to Maurya, when will the rope be needed?
When Michael's body would be found
26. According to Maurya, why will the rope be needed?
To dig a deep grave for Michael
27. What does Bartley want the rope for?
A halter
28. Who wanted to go to the Galway fair?
Bartley
29. Why was Bartley in a hurry?
The current boat might be the only boat to carry him to the Galway fair
30. Bartley wanted to go to the Galway fair to _____.
sell horses
31. Which family member insisted on Bartley's need to sell the horses?
Cathleen
32. What has Bartley heard about the Galway fair?
One can make good money by selling horses
33. From where did Maurya buy the finest boards?
Galway
34. Bartley and the others have been looking for Michael's body for _____ days.
nine days
35. What cannot be compared with the value of a son?
Earning much money by selling hundreds or thousands of horses
36. According to Maurya, why can nothing be compared with the value of a son?
A son is the only hope of a mother
37. What should Nora and Cathleen do if the west wind continues until the last bit of the moon?
They should collect enough weed
38. "It's hard set we'll be from this day with no one in it but one man to work." - Who is the speaker?
Cathleen
39. What was the boat doing when Bartley asked about it?
The boat was passing the green head and dropping its sails
40. Who helped Bartley prepare for his trip?
Cathleen and Nora
41. What did Bartley take along with his purse before sailing?
Tobacco
42. How much time will it take to reach the pier?
Half an hour
43. Bartley said he can return in two, three, or four days if _____.
the wind becomes unfavourable
44. What is Maurya's final plea to Bartley?
To remain at home
45. Maurya said that Bartley is a cruel man because _____.
he is not listening to his old mother who is resisting him from going to the sea
46. Bartley cannot be stopped from going to the sea because he is _____.
determined
47. "It's the life of a young man to be going on the sea." - Who is the speaker?
Cathleen
48. Who will accompany Bartley in his journey by running behind him?
The red mare
49. What were the last words of Bartley before leaving for the sea?
The blessing of God on you
50. Bartley left the house with _____.
confidence
51. How did Maurya finally bid goodbye to Bartley?
Indifferently
52. Why was Maurya unhappy about Bartley's leaving?
She feared the sea
53. What did Maurya do as soon as Bartley left?
She cried out
54. Maurya's expression when she saw Bartley for one last time was _____.
both fearful and worried
55. "... when the black night is falling" - 'black night' symbolizes _____.
a night when Bartley will face death
56. According to Cathleen who put a hard word in Bartley's ear before his departure?
Maurya
57. What did Cathleen advise her mother when Maurya was prophesying about Bartley's death?
Maurya should pray harder instead of prophesying
58. Who takes up the tongs and begins to rake the fire aimlessly after Bartley's departure?
Cathleen
59. Maurya's action describes her _____.
open mindedness
60. What is the girls' attitude toward their mother?
Obedient
61. What lies in the sea according to Maurya?
Danger
62. Who asked for forgiveness when they realized they forgot to give Bartley his share of the cake?
Cathleen
63. Since when has Bartley not eaten anything?
Since the previous night fall
64. "There's no sense left on any person in a house." - In which context has the speaker said this line?
When they forgot to give Bartley his slice of the cake
65. "Maurya sways herself on her stool" - This movement reflects _____.
both Maurya's emotional state and the weight of burden she carries
66. Whom did Cathleen ask to deliver the piece of cake to Bartley?
Maurya
67. Why did Cathleen insist on Maurya's delivering the cake?
So the bad word can be broken, Maurya then will finally say some good words to Bartley, Maurya then can bid her son goodbye with good luck
68. What reason did Maurya give to not go to deliver the cake?
She was unable to walk
69. What did Cathleen ask Nora to give her mother?
The shawl
70. Why did Cathleen want her mother to take the stick?
As the stick would help her to maintain her balance over the big stones
71. From where did Michael buy the stick?
Donegal
72. According to Maurya, what is the custom of old people?
Old people leave things for the comfort of their children
73. What is one example of the custom being subverted in the play?
Many a time, Cathleen advises her mother about conducting household chores
74. Why did Nora climb up the ladder after Maurya went outside?
To bring down the bundle of clothes
75. Why did Cathleen think that her mother could come back quickly?
She had forgotten to give the cake to her mother
76. "God help her" - 'her' refers to _____.
Maurya
77. "Throw it down quickly" - 'it' refers to the _____.
shirt and the stocking
78. What is the priest's role in the news about Michael?
- He delivers the clothes himself and he seeks a confirmation about the owner of the clothes
79. Who told Nora that two men had been rowing their boat?
Eamon
80. How many days will it take to untie the string from sea water?
Seven
81. Who told Cathleen that it takes a week to reach Donegal from those rocks?
Stephen
82. They look at them eagerly - What are 'them'?
The shirt and stocking given by the young priest
83. What is almost impossible for Cathleen to declare?
That the shirt and stocking were of Michael
84. Bartley put Michael's shirt on him because _____.
his own shirt was heavy with salt on it
85. What piece of the same stuff that Bartley wore was there of Michael's?
Sleeve
86. Why does the matching of sleeve not confirm Michael's death?
- Many people may have shirts of the same flannel and these pieces are common in the shops of Galway
87. Who started to count the stitches?
Nora
88. Nora's character is portrayed as _____.
practical
89. As soon as Nora found out the stocking belonged to Michael, she thought _____.
what would be her mother's reaction upon hearing her son's death news
90. Among Nora's three score stitches, she dropped _____.
three
91. What is a bitter thing to think of?
That Michael has floated far away to the north and there was no one to mourn for him at that time
92. There was none to shed tears upon Michael's dead body because _____.
he went to the sea alone
93. The black birds were flying on the _____.
sea
94. Nora has described her brother Michael as a/an _____.
great rower and fisher
95. According to Nora, what is a pitiful thing?
The existence of a brave fisher to be proved only by a piece of shirt and a stocking
96. How did Cathleen understand that her mother was coming?
She could hear her footsteps on the path
97. What did Cathleen think her mother would feel after meeting Bartley?
Easier
98. Cathleen suggested that they should not reveal the news of Michael's death until _____.
she feels comfortable
99. Nora sits down at the chimney corner as told by her _____.
sister
100. Why did Cathleen ask Nora to sit in a manner to hide her face from Maurya?
- They did not want to let Maurya know that Nora had been weeping and they wanted to hide it from Maurya that Michael was no more
101. Why did the girls look at each other surprisingly?
Maurya came and without noticing the girls, she sat at the other side of the fire with the bundle of bread in her hand
102. The bread wrapped in the cloth was still _____.
in Maurya's hand
103. Who pointed to the bundle of bread?
Cathleen
104. On being asked by Cathleen why she didn't give Bartley his bit of bread, Maurya started _____.
keening softly
105. Seeing Maurya keening, Cathleen asked her _____.
if she had seen Bartley riding down
106. "My heart's broken from this day" - Whose 'heart' is being referred to?
Maurya
107. "I seen the fearfulest thing"-What did the speaker see?
The speaker saw Michael riding on the gray pony behind Bartley
108. Maurya's hair has been described as _____.
white tossed hair
109. What was Maurya's reaction upon her experience of seeing Michael behind Bartley?
Both frightened and startled
110. According to Maurya, what is the most fearful thing that any person has ever seen?
Bride Dara seeing a dead man carrying a child in his arms
111. By saying her experience of seeing Michael riding behind Bartley and Bride Dara seeing a dead man carrying a child, Maurya has made a/an _____.
sharp contrast between them
112. "They crouch down in front of the old woman at the fire." Who are 'they'?
Cathleen and Nora
113. Standing at the spring well, Maurya said a _____ to herself.
prayer to herself
114. What did Maurya see at first while saying the prayers?
Bartley riding the red mare with the gray pony behind him
115. Why did Cathleen say "It wasn't Michael you seen."?
- His body had been found in the far north and he had got a clean burial
116. What was Michael doing when Maurya saw him?
Riding the gray pony behind Bartley
117. Whom did Maurya see riding the gray pony?
Michael
118. What did Maurya want to say to Bartley but couldn't?
God speed you
119. Bartley was riding a _____.
a red mare
120. The gray pony on which Maurya saw Michael symbolizes _____.
death
121. How did Michael look like when Maurya saw him?
Michael had fine clothes on him but the shoes were dirty
122. "It's destroyed" - What is destroyed?
Maurya's family
123. In 'Riders to the Sea', the sea primarily symbolizes _____.
an indifferent, all-powerful force that governs life and death
124. Seeing Michael behind Bartley can be seen as a _____.
sign that Bartley is going to face his own death soon
125. Whom did Maurya ask to call to make a coffin for herself?
Shawn
126. Why did Maurya want a coffin for herself?
She thought that she could not survive without her sons
127. Including Maurya, how many family members were there in her family?
Eleven
128. "... and some of them were found and some of them were not found" - 'they' refers to _____.
Maurya's sons
129. Among the options, who is not Maurya's son?
Eamon
130. Who were lost in a dark night and not a sign of them were seen when the sun went up?
Sheamus' father
131. How did Patch die?
He died as the curagh overturned
132. When Patch died, Bartley _____.
was not born
133. When can a mother not recognize the face of her dead child?
When it floats in sea water for nine days
134. Who gave Maurya the clothes that belonged to Michael?
Nora
135. What is Maurya's reaction to the items confirming Michael's death?
Silent acceptance
136. What happened to Bartley at the end of the play?
He got drowned in the sea
137. What was solemnly brought back from the shore?
Bartley's body
138. Who first asked the old women if the body was of Bartley's?
Cathleen
139. Who assured the body was of Bartley's?
One of the old women
140. Bartley's body is covered with _____.
a bit of a sail
141. How did Bartley die?
He was knocked down into the sea by the gray pony
142. Why were the old women keening softly?
It was their custom to keen softly when someone died
143. The community's reaction to the family's loss is _____.
supportive
144. What did the villagers do to help the family after Bartley's death?
They brought food and drink
145. How did Maurya react upon seeing Bartley's body?
She quietly accepted it
146. "... and there isn't anything more the sea can do to me" - Why did the speaker say so?
The sea had already taken all the men of her family
147. What did Maurya use to do when the wind broke from the south?
Pray
148. Why did Maurya use to pray when the wind broke from the south?
For the safety of her sons who had gone to the sea
149. Maurya used to get Holy Water in the dark nights after _____.
Samhain
150. When is the day of Samhain?
November 1st
151. Maurya still had a small amount of the Holy Water _____.
on the dresser
152. Who gave the Holy Water to Maurya?
Cathleen
153. After Bartley's death, Maurya would still have great rest even if they _____.
- only had a bit of wet flour and had only a stale fish
154. Who bought the fine white boards to make coffin?
Maurya
155. Why had Maurya bought those white boards?
To make coffins for both Bartley and Michael
156. Whom did Cathleen ask to prepare the coffin and eat the fresh cake?
- Eamon and An old man
157. "Are there nails with them?" - The speaker is _____.
Eamon
158. Why did the other man think it a great wonder that Maurya forgot to take the nails?
Maurya in her lifetime had seen the making of several coffins
159. Why do you think Maurya actually forgot to take the nails?
She was heavily burdened with the sorrow of losing her loved ones
160. What was Cathleen's logic behind Maurya's mistake about forgetting the nails?
- She was ageing and she was broken after losing six sons one after the other
161. Who sprinkled the Holy Water over Michael's clothes and Bartley's body?
Maurya
162. "She's quiet now and easy;" - Why did Nora whisper?
She did not want to remind Maurya about her dead sons
163. When Maurya heard about Michael being drowned, her crying could be heard from their place to the _____.
priest's house
164. "They're all together this time," - Who are 'they'?
The lost members of Maurya's family
165. "... the end is come" - Why did the speaker say so?
- Every man of Maurya's family was dead and according to Maurya, there was no hope for her in life
166. What final disaster occurs in the play?
Bartley drowns in the sea
167. In the end, for whom has Maurya prayed to God for mercy?
the dead souls as all well as the living beings in the world
168. Maurya's final act of letting go includes _____.
praying for everyone in the world
169. What feeling did Maurya express about the sea taking her children?
Resignation and confusion
170. In the end, Maurya cried more loudly and then sank away. This suggests _____.
- She got tired of crying and she started to accept the truth
171. Why do you think Michael's death has been described as a 'clean burial'?
He had his death in the lap of nature, that is, in the sea
172. Who will have a fine coffin and a deep grave to rest?
Bartley
173. What does Maurya say that no man can do?
Stay safe forever
174. "No man at all can be living for ever" - Why did the speaker say so?
Death is the ultimate truth of life
175. Why do you think Maurya said that we must be satisfied with the truth that none can live forever?
All of these (It's the ultimate truth of life, We must accept the reality, This truth helps us to live in the present)
176. Maurya contemplates the future with _____.
acceptance
177. Which line concludes the play 'Riders to the Sea'?
"No man at all can be living for ever, and we must be satisfied."
178. What are the two main religions portrayed in 'Riders to the Sea'?
Paganism and Christianity
179. Which theme is most central to 'Riders to the Sea'?
The inevitability of fate and the overwhelming power of nature
180. What does the play suggest about the relationship between the islanders and their environment?
Human life is perpetually at the mercy of the sea's capricious power
Fill in the Blanks
Complete the sentences based on the play and provide the one-liner answer.
1. The play 'Riders to the Sea' was first performed on January _____ 1904.
25
2. Synge was an _____ playwright.
Irish
3. The play is set on an island off the _____ coast of Ireland.
west
4. Cathleen and Nora are Maurya's _____.
daughters
5. Things in the kitchen like fishing nets, oil-skins etc., suggest that the source of occupation of the family is _____.
fishing
6. Cathleen wipes her hand that are filled with _____.
flour
7. The play opens with Cathleen and Nora discussing the death of their brother _____.
Michael
8. After coming to the room, Nora takes a _____ from under her shawl.
bundle
9. The plain stocking was got off a drowned man in _____.
Donegal
10. "...you can tell herself he's got a clean burial by the grace of God" - This line is said by the _____ priest.
young priest
11. Cathleen hides the bundle in the _____.
turf-loft
12. After coming out from the inner room, Maurya spoke to Cathleen in a _____ manner.
querulous
13. Cathleen was baking a _____ for Bartley.
cake
14. Bartley wants to go to _____ if the tide turns.
Connemara
15. Nora gave Bartley a _____ when he came.
rope
16. The character who does not appear on the stage but is mentioned in the play is _____.
Michael
17. Bartley advised Cathleen to check if the _____ aren't jumping in on the rye.
sheeps
18. Bartley said that he would be back in _____ days if the wind is bad.
four
19. Maurya prophesizes that her last son will meet the same _____.
doom
20. _____ believed that bad word brings bad luck.
Cathleen
21. According to Nora, Bartley will have to starve because _____.
they forgot to give Bartley his share of the bread
22. Cathleen wrapped a slice of the cake in a _____.
cloth
23. The _____ has damaged the string.
sea water
24. One can reach Donegal from the place where Maurya lives, in about _____.
a week
25. Nora said they could try to see if the _____ of Michael's other shirt matches with the stockings.
flannel
26. _____ put Michael's shirt on him.
Bartley
27. Nora had knitted _____ pairs.
four
28. None was there to shed tears upon Michael's dead body other than the _____.
black birds
29. Next time, Nora hid the stocking in the _____.
chimney corner
30. Nora was worried that her facial expression might tell her mother that she was _____.
crying
31. Cathleen only wanted to know if Maurya had _____.
met Bartley
32. Maurya told her daughters that she had seen the _____ thing.
fearfulest
33. The woman who saw the dead man with the child in his arms was _____.
Dara
34. Maurya said she saw _____ himself.
Michael
35. After seeing Michael, Maurya recollects the _____ of her lost family.
bad memories
36. Cathleen tries to console her mother by _____.
offering comfort
37. It was their belief that Michael has had a _____ by God's grace.
clean burial
38. Maurya could not say "God speed you," because _____.
something choked the words in her throat
39. Maurya is sad because she has lost _____ sons to the sea.
six
40. _____ were lost in the sea and later found dead.
Stephen and Shawn
41. Stephen and Shawn were found in the _____.
Bay of Gregory
42. According to Cathleen, the sounds heard behind the door were the sounds of _____.
waves
43. Maurya watched the men holding a thing in the hall by the seashore.
grey
